This chapter shall be known and may be cited as the “Delaware Medical Orders for Scope of Treatment Act” (“DMOST Act”).

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

(a) An adult individual who has decision-making capacity has the right to refuse medical or surgical treatment in order to allow natural death if such refusal is not contrary to existing public health laws.

(b) An adult individual with decision-making capacity has the right to plan ahead for health-care decisions through an advance health-care directive pursuant to Chapter 25 of this title, or through a DMOST form pursuant to this chapter or both, and to have the wishes expressed in those documents respected, subject to certain limitations, in order to ensure that the right to control decisions about one’s own health care is not lost if a patient loses decision-making capacity and is not able to participate actively in making his or her own decisions, either temporarily or permanently.

(c) An advance health-care directive is recommended for every adult whether or not the individual anticipates a period of incapacity.

(d) The DMOST form is separate from and is not an advance health-care directive. It expresses an individual’s wishes regarding scope of treatment through medical orders. The DMOST form does not require an advance health-care directive.

(e) Data reveal that many individuals may reside or be situated in multiple locations such as home, acute care, and post-acute care settings near the end of life. Changes in such settings require that an easily understood, standardized, portable document be available to communicate the individual’s care preferences. A DMOST form provides such a document.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1;  70 Del. Laws, c. 186, §  1; 

(a) “Advance health-care directive” means an advance health-care directive under Chapter 25 of this title, a durable power of attorney for health-care decisions, or any individual instruction or power of attorney for health care valid in the state where such document was executed or where the individual executing such document was a resident at the time that such document was executed that appoints an agent. Said document must have been executed by the individual authorizing the appointed agent to make decisions about the individual’s health care when such individual no longer has decision-making capacity.

(b) “Decision-making capacity” means a patient’s ability to understand and appreciate the nature and consequences of a particular health-care decision, including the benefits and risks of that decision and alternatives to any proposed health care, and to reach an informed health-care decision.

(c) “Delaware Medical Orders for Scope of Treatment” (DMOST) means a clinical process to facilitate communication between health-care professionals and patients living with serious illness or frailty whose health-care practitioner would not be surprised if they died within the next year or, if the patient lacks decision-making capacity, the patient’s authorized representative. The process encourages shared, informed medical decision-making. The result is a DMOST form, which contains portable medical orders that respect the patient’s goals for care in regard to the use of CPR and other medical interventions. The DMOST form is applicable across health-care settings, is reviewable, and is revocable.

(d) “Department” means the Department of Health and Social Services.

(e) “DMOST form” means a standardized document created or approved by the Department that is uniquely identifiable and has a uniform format or color, which:

(1) Is used on a voluntary basis by patients living with serious illness or frailty whose health-care practitioner would not be surprised if they died within the next year;

(2) Is not an advance health-care directive;

(3) Is not valid unless it meets the requirements for a completed DMOST form as set forth in this chapter;

(4) Is intended to provide direction to emergency care personnel regarding the use of emergency care and to health-care providers regarding the use of life-sustaining treatment by indicating the patient’s preference concerning the scope of treatment, the use of specified interventions, and the intensity of treatment for each intervention;

(5) Is intended to accompany the patient, and to be honored by all personnel attending the patient, across the full range of possible health-care settings, including but not limited to the patient’s home, a health-care institution, at the scene of a medical emergency, or during transport;

(6) May be reviewed or voided at any time by a patient with decision-making capacity or, if the patient lacks decision-making capacity, the patient’s representative in accordance with the provisions of § 2511A of this title; and

(7) Must be signed by a health-care practitioner.

(f) “Emergency-care provider” means an emergency medical technician, paramedic, or first responder authorized under Chapter 97 of this title.

(g) “Health-care institution” means an institution, facility, or agency licensed, certified or otherwise authorized or permitted by law to provide health care in the ordinary course of business.

(h) “Health-care practitioner” means a physician or an individual licensed and authorized to write medical orders under Title 24 who is providing care for the patient or overseeing the health care provided to a patient and has completed all training required by the Department for individuals participating in the completion of a DMOST form. Over time, a patient’s health-care practitioner may change.

(i) “Health-care provider” means an individual licensed, certified, or otherwise authorized or permitted by law to provide health care in the ordinary course of business or practice of a profession. A health-care practitioner is also a health-care provider.

(j) “Life-sustaining treatment” includes any medical intervention, including procedures, administration of medication, or use of a medical device, that maintains life by sustaining, restoring, or supplanting a vital function. It does not include care provided for the purpose of keeping a patient comfortable.

(k) “Patient” means the individual who is under the care of the health-care practitioner or health-care provider.

(l) “Patient’s authorized representative” or “authorized representative” means the individual signing a DMOST form on behalf of a patient without decision-making capacity, who has the highest priority to act for the patient under law, and who has the authority to make decisions with respect to the patient’s health-care preferences being made on the DMOST form such individual is executing on behalf of the patient. The health-care practitioner shall determine the individual who is the patient’s authorized representative by referencing the documentation giving such individual the required authority under law. The regulations implementing this chapter shall explain the priority set by law regarding who can act as an authorized representative. Based on the documentation provided by such individual as evidence of his or her authority, the patient’s authorized representative could be an individual designated by a patient under an advance health-care directive, an agent under a medical durable power of attorney for health-care decisions, a guardian of the person appointed pursuant to Chapters 39 and 39A of Title 12, in accordance with the authority granted by the appointing court, a surrogate appointed under Chapter 25 of this title, or an individual who is otherwise authorized under applicable law to make the health-care decisions being made by execution of the DMOST form on the patient’s behalf, if the patient lacks decision-making capacity.

(m) “Physician” means an individual authorized to practice medicine under subchapter III, Chapter 17 of Title 24.

(n) “Scope of treatment” means those medical interventions, procedures, medications, and treatments that a patient, in consultation with a health-care practitioner, has determined are appropriate, necessary and desired by and for the patient and that a patient has determined to refuse or to allow. Scope of treatment always respects the patient and includes the provision of comfort measures. A patient may decline life-sustaining treatment.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1;  70 Del. Laws, c. 186, §  1; 

(a) At such time as a patient lacks decision-making capacity, the patient’s authorized representative shall make a health-care decision to treat, withdraw, or withhold treatment in accordance with the patient’s individual instructions as expressed in an advance health-care directive or DMOST form, if any, and other wishes to the extent known, or, if a guardian appointed pursuant to Chapters 39 and 39A of Title 12, in accordance with the authority granted by the appointing court. The patient’s authorized representative shall have the power to make any health-care decision authorized under this chapter unless limited by the order of a court of competent jurisdiction or limited in the document provided by the authorized representative as evidence of his or her authority.

(b) If the patient’s instructions or wishes are not known or clearly applicable, the authorized representative’s decision shall conform as closely as possible to what the patient would have done or intended under the circumstances. To the extent the authorized representative knows or is able to determine, the authorized representative’s decision shall take into account the following nonexclusive list of factors, if applicable:

(1) The patient’s personal, philosophical, religious, and ethical values.

(2) The patient’s likelihood of regaining decision-making capacity.

(3) The patient’s likelihood of death.

(4) The treatment’s burdens on and benefits to the patient.

(5) Reliable oral or written statements previously made by the patient, including, but not limited to, statements made to family members, friends, health-care providers, or religious leaders.

(c) The decision of an authorized representative regarding whether life-sustaining procedures should be provided, withheld, or withdrawn shall not be based on a patient’s status either as an individual with a preexisting long-term mental or physical disability, or as an individual who is economically disadvantaged.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1;  70 Del. Laws, c. 186, §  1; 

(a) The Secretary of the Department of Health and Social Services shall be authorized to promulgate regulations and develop protocols to fulfill the following responsibilities:

(1) Promulgation of a DMOST form and development of the process for completion, modification, and revocation of the DMOST form including training requirements.

(2) Promotion of awareness among health-care practitioners, health-care providers, emergency-care providers, and the general public in this State about the option to complete a DMOST form.

(3) Training of emergency-care providers about the use and application of a DMOST form.

(4) Development of additional requirements for the completion of a DMOST form that may be applicable in the case of a patient with mental illness or a developmental disability in consultation with organizations that represent individuals with mental illness and development disabilities, respectively.

(5) Ongoing evaluation of the design and use of DMOST forms through the use of such data as the Department determines reasonably necessary for that purpose.

(b) The Secretary of the Department of Health and Social Services shall be authorized to seek the imposition of civil monetary penalties under this chapter.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

The Secretary of State is authorized to promulgate regulations and develop protocols for the education of all health-care providers under its licensing or certification jurisdiction.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

The Delaware Health Information Network (DHIN) is authorized to create an electronic registry to maintain and store executed DMOST forms and make them available to emergency-care providers, health-care providers and health-care institutions.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

A health-care practitioner, health-care provider, health-care institution, or emergency-care provider shall treat a patient who has a completed DMOST form in accordance with the directions and options indicated in such DMOST form, except as otherwise provided in this chapter.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

A DMOST form shall be deemed to be completed and therefore valid for the purposes of this chapter if it:

(1) Contains information indicating a patient’s health-care preferences;

(2) Has been voluntarily signed by a patient or by another individual subscribing the patient’s name in the patient’s presence and at the patient’s express direction, or, if the patient does not have decision-making capacity, by the patient’s authorized representative;

(3) Contains a statement that the DMOST form is being signed after discussion with the patient, or the patient’s authorized representative;

(4) Includes the signature of the patient’s health-care practitioner and the date of the health-care practitioner’s signature;

(5) If the DMOST form is not signed by the heath-care practitioner in the presence of the patient, the DMOST form will be signed by the individual in whose presence the patient or the patient’s authorized representative signed the DMOST form;

(6) The DMOST form shall include a statement that the patient or, if the patient does not have decision-making capacity, the patient’s authorized representative, has been provided with a plain language statement explaining the DMOST form and the consequences of executing the DMOST form, including whether or not the DMOST form may be changed if the patient lacks decision-making capacity; and

(7) Meets any other requirements established by regulations to implement or administer this chapter.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

A document executed in another state, which meets the requirements of this chapter for a DMOST form or the requirements of the state where such document was executed or the state where the patient was a resident at the time the document was executed, shall be deemed to be valid for the purposes of this chapter to the same extent as a DMOST form valid under this chapter.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

(a) A patient with decision-making capacity, may, at any time, void his or her completed DMOST form or otherwise request alternative treatment to the treatment that was ordered on the DMOST form.

(b) If the orders in a patient’s completed DMOST form regarding the use of any intervention specified therein conflict with the patient’s more recent oral or written directive to the patient’s health-care practitioner, the health-care practitioner shall honor the more recent directive from the patient in accordance with the provisions of subsection (d) of this section.

(c) The patient’s authorized representative may, at any time after the patient loses decision-making capacity and after consultation with the patient’s health-care practitioner, request the health-care practitioner to modify or void the completed DMOST form, or otherwise request alternative treatment to the treatment that was ordered on the DMOST form, as the patient’s authorized representative deems necessary to reflect the patient’s health status or goals of care, unless the patient expressly limits the authorized representative’s authority to modify or void the completed DMOST form. The DMOST form shall provide the patient with the option to authorize or not to authorize the patient’s authorized representative to void or modify the patient’s completed DMOST form if the patient who has a completed DMOST form loses decision-making capacity. If the patient indicates on the DMOST form that the authorized representative is not authorized to void or modify the patient’s completed DMOST form, the patient’s authorized representative may not do so.

(d) A DMOST form may only be modified in consultation with the patient’s health-care practitioner in accordance with the provisions of the applicable regulations.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1;  70 Del. Laws, c. 186, §  1; 

(a) In the event of a disagreement between the patient’s authorized representative and the patient’s health-care practitioner concerning the patient’s decision-making capacity or the appropriate interpretation and application of the terms of a completed DMOST form regarding the patient’s course of treatment, the parties:

(1) May seek to resolve the disagreement by means of procedures and practices established by the health-care institution, including, but not limited to, consultation with an institutional ethics committee, or with an individual designated by the health-care institution for this purpose; or

(2) May seek resolution by a court of competent jurisdiction.

(b) A health-care provider involved in the patient’s care or an administrator of a health-care institution may seek to resolve a disagreement concerning the appropriate interpretation and application of the terms of a completed DMOST form to the patient’s course of treatment in the same manner as set forth in subsection (a) of this section.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

(a) The patient’s scope of treatment shall be governed by the latest directive available.

(b) If the treatment directives of a later advance health-care directive conflict with the patient’s directives on a DMOST form, a health-care practitioner shall be informed so that the DMOST form can be modified or voided in order to reflect that patient’s later directive.

(c) If there is a conflict between the patient’s expressed oral or written directives, the DMOST form, or the decisions of the patient’s authorized representative, the patient’s last expressed oral or written directives shall be followed and, if necessary, a new DMOST form shall be prepared and executed.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

Any individual or entity may petition the Court of Chancery for appointment of a guardian of the person of a patient if that individual or entity has good reason to believe that the withdrawal or withholding of health care in a particular case:

(1) Is contrary to the most recent expressed wishes of a patient;

(2) Is predicated on an incorrect assessment of the patient’s decision-making capacity;

(3) Is being proposed pursuant to a DMOST form that has been falsified, forged, or coerced;

(4) Is being considered without knowledge of a revocation of a completed DMOST form which has been unlawfully concealed, destroyed, altered, or cancelled; or

(5) Is based on a patient’s status either as an individual with a preexisting long-term mental or physical disability, or as an individual who is economically disadvantaged.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

A health-care institution, health-care practitioner, or health-care provider acting in good faith and in accordance with generally accepted health-care standards applicable to the health-care institution, health-care practitioner, or health-care provider is not subject to civil or criminal liability or to discipline for unprofessional conduct for:

(1) Complying with a DMOST form signed by a health-care practitioner apparently having authority to make a DMOST for a patient, including a decision to withhold or withdraw health care;

(2) Declining to comply with a DMOST form based on a belief that the health-care practitioner then lacked authority to sign a DMOST;

(3) Complying with a DMOST form and assuming that the DMOST form was valid when made and has not been modified or voided;

(4) Providing life-sustaining treatment in an emergency situation when the existence of a DMOST form is unknown; or

(5) Declining to comply with a DMOST form because the DMOST form is contrary to the conscience or good faith medical judgment of the health-care practitioner or the written policies of the health-care institution.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

(a) Neither the execution of a DMOST form under this chapter nor the fact that health care is withheld or withdrawn from a patient in accordance therewith shall, for any purpose, constitute a suicide.

(b) The completion of a DMOST form pursuant to this chapter shall not be deemed or presumed to modify the terms of an existing insurance policy. No policy of insurance shall be legally impaired or invalidated in any manner by the withholding or withdrawal of health care from an insured patient, notwithstanding any term of the policy to the contrary.

(c) No health-care institution, health-care provider, health-care service plan, insurer issuing disability insurance, self-insured employee welfare benefit plan, nonprofit hospital service plan, or any other type of direct or indirect provider of health-care benefits or services, shall require any individual to execute a DMOST form as a condition to being insured, to receiving care, or to being admitted to a health-care institution in order to receiving health-care services.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

(a) A health-care provider who fails to act in accordance with the requirements of this chapter is subject to discipline for professional misconduct.

(b) A health-care institution that intentionally fails to act in accordance with the requirements of this chapter shall be liable for a civil penalty of not more than $1,000 for each offense. For the purposes of this subsection, each violation shall constitute a separate offense.

(c) An emergency-care provider subject to regulation by the Department who intentionally fails to act in accordance with the requirements of this chapter is subject to such disciplinary measures as the Secretary of Department deems necessary and consistent with the Department’s statutory authority.

(d) An individual who intentionally or knowingly commits any of the following acts is guilty of a class G felony:

(1) Concealing, canceling, defacing, obliterating, or withholding personal knowledge of a completed DMOST form or a modification or revocation thereof, without the patient’s consent, or if the patient lacks decision-making capacity, without the consent of the patient’s authorized representative;

(2) Falsifying or forging a completed DMOST form or a modification or revocation thereof; or

(3) Coercing or fraudulently inducing the completion of a DMOST form or a modification or revocation thereof by a patient or, if a patient lacks decision-making capacity, by a patient’s authorized representative.

(e) Any organization that is a health-care provider, health-care institution, or “person” as defined in § 102(11) of Title 18 who intentionally or knowingly requires or prohibits the completion of a DMOST form or a modification or revocation thereof as a condition of coverage under any policy of health or life insurance, or an annuity, or a public benefits program, or as a condition of the provision of health care is guilty of a class A misdemeanor for each and every act or violation, and may be subject to suspension or revocation of such person’s authority to do business in Delaware.

(f) The provisions of this section shall not be construed to repeal any sanctions applicable under any other law.

(g) The Superior Court shall have jurisdiction over all civil monetary penalties and offenses under this chapter.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

(a) An adult individual is presumed to have capacity to make a health-care decision and to execute, modify or void a DMOST form.

(b) A determination that a patient lacks decision-making capacity must be made by a physician, and if a patient’s authorized representative is executing the DMOST form such determination by a physician shall be required.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

The provisions of this chapter are severable, and if any word, phrase, clause, sentence, section, or provision of this chapter is for any reason held to be unconstitutional, the decision of the court shall not affect or impair any of the remaining provisions of this chapter. It is hereby declared as the legislative intent that this chapter would have been adopted had such unconstitutional word, phrase, clause, sentence, section or provision thereof not been included herein.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1; 

A copy of a DMOST form or revocation of a DMOST form has the same effect as the original.

80 Del. Laws, c. 18, §  1;