(a) This chapter shall govern fiduciaries, as well as agents in certain instances, now or hereafter acting under governing instruments. Except as otherwise specified within the definitions of this section, the definitions of this section shall apply to this chapter, as well as to Chapters 35, 39, and 45 of this title, as well as to any other laws of this State incorporating by reference either this section or the laws of trusts generally.

(b) The term “agents” shall mean custodians (other than those acting under the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act, Chapter 45 of this title), escrow agents, managing agents, all persons defined as agents by the general law of agency and persons holding, other than in the capacity of a fiduciary as defined in this section, property belonging to another person whether that other person is a fiduciary or a nonfiduciary.

(c) The term “clearing corporation” shall refer to a “clearing corporation” as defined in § 8-102 of Title 6.

(d) The term “fiduciary” shall mean trustees, personal representatives, guardians, custodians under the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act (Chapter 45 of this title), advisers or protectors acting in a fiduciary capacity under § 3313(a) of this title, agents acting in a fiduciary capacity under § 3322 of this title, designated representatives acting in a fiduciary capacity under § 3339 of this title, and other fiduciaries; while the term “nonfiduciary” shall mean advisers or protectors acting in a nonfiduciary capacity under § 3313(a) of this title, agents acting in a nonfiduciary capacity under § 3322 of this title, or designated representatives acting in a nonfiduciary capacity under § 3339 of this title.

(e) The term “governing instrument” shall mean a will, trust agreement or declaration, court order, or other instrument that creates or defines the duties and powers of a fiduciary, and shall include any instrument that modifies a governing instrument, allocates trustee powers, duties, and responsibilities among cotrustees under § 3343 of this title, or, in effect, alters the duties and powers of a fiduciary or other terms of a governing instrument.

(f) The terms “legal investment” or “authorized investment” or words of similar import, as used in any governing instrument, shall mean any investment which is permitted by the terms of § 3302 of this title.

(g) The term “wilful misconduct” shall mean intentional wrongdoing, not mere negligence, gross negligence or recklessness and “wrongdoing” means malicious conduct or conduct designed to defraud or seek an unconscionable advantage.

(h) For purposes of construing a governing instrument, unless a contrary statement appears in such governing instrument:

(1) The term “fiduciary fund” means the trust, estate, guardianship account, or account established under a Uniform Transfers to Minors Act [Chapter 45 of this title] that is being administered by a fiduciary.

(2) The term “interested person” means any living person who:

a. Is an income beneficiary or remainder beneficiary of a trust;

b. Has a vested interest in a decedent’s estate;

c. Receives benefits as a ward from a guardianship account; or

d. Is the minor with respect to an account established under a Uniform Transfers to Minors Act [Chapter 45 of this title].

(3) The term “issue” shall denote a distribution per stirpes, such that the children of the person whose issue is referred to shall be taken to be the heads of the respective stocks of issue and a person legally adopted, whether under or over the age of 18 years at adoption, shall thereafter be considered to be a child and issue of the adopting person and an issue of the ascendants of the adopting person, and the issue of the person so adopted shall be considered to be issue of the adopting person and the adopting person’s ascendants.

(4) The term “published fee schedule” and other terms of similar import mean the schedule or formula described in § 3561(b)(1) of this title in the case of any trustee required to file such a schedule or formula under that section.

(5) The term “wilful misconduct” means intentional wrongdoing, not mere negligence, gross negligence, or recklessness and “wrongdoing” means malicious conduct or conduct designed to defraud or seek an unconscionable advantage.

25 Del. Laws, c. 226, §  3;  Code 1915, §  3875;  37 Del. Laws, c. 259, §  1;  40 Del. Laws, c. 230, §  1;  Code 1935, §  4401;  43 Del. Laws, c. 224, §  1;  44 Del. Laws, c. 171, §  1;  12 Del. C. 1953, §  3301;  59 Del. Laws, c. 271, §  2;  76 Del. Laws, c. 254, §  2;  77 Del. Laws, c. 98, §§  3-5;  77 Del. Laws, c. 330, §§  1, 2;  78 Del. Laws, c. 117, §  2;  79 Del. Laws, c. 172, §  2;  81 Del. Laws, c. 149, § 1;  81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 4;  82 Del. Laws, c. 52, § 1;  84 Del. Laws, c. 182, § 2; 

(a) When investing, reinvesting, purchasing, acquiring, exchanging, retaining, selling and managing property for the benefit of another, a fiduciary shall act with the care, skill, prudence and diligence under the circumstances then prevailing that a prudent person acting in a like capacity and familiar with such matters would use to attain the purposes of the account. In making investment decisions, a fiduciary may consider the general economic conditions, the anticipated tax consequences of the investment and the anticipated duration of the account and the needs of the beneficiaries; when considering the needs of the beneficiaries, the fiduciary may take into account the financial needs of the beneficiaries as well as the beneficiaries' personal values, including the beneficiaries' desire to engage in sustainable investing strategies that align with the beneficiaries' social, environmental, governance or other values or beliefs of the beneficiaries.

(b) Within the limitations of the foregoing standard and considering individual investments as part of an overall investment strategy, a fiduciary is authorized to acquire every kind of property, real, personal or mixed, and every kind of investment, wherever located, whether within or without the United States, including, but not by way of limitation, bonds, debentures and other corporate obligations, stocks, preferred or common, shares or interests in common funds or common trust funds, securities of any open-end or closed-end management type investment company or investment trust registered under the Federal Investment Company Act of 1940 (15 U.S.C. § 80a-1 et seq.), options, futures, warrants, limited partnership interests and life insurance. No investment made by a fiduciary shall be deemed imprudent solely because the investment is not specifically mentioned in this subsection.

(c) The propriety of an investment decision is to be determined by what the fiduciary knew or should have known at the time of the decision about:

(1) The inherent nature and expected performance of the investment portfolio;

(2) The limitations of the standard set forth in subsection (a) of this section; and

(3) The nature and extent of other investments and resources, whether held in trust or otherwise, available to the beneficiaries as they existed at the time of the decision; provided however, that the fiduciary shall have no duty to inquire as to the nature and extent of any such other investments and resources not held by the fiduciary held by the fiduciary in a trust or trust account subject to the direction of an adviser or cotrustee authorized to direct the fiduciary with respect to investment decisions, within the meaning of § 3313(d) of this title, concerning the assets held in the trust or trust account, or held by the fiduciary in a trust or trust account where a cotrustee has exclusive authority with respect to investment decisions, within the meaning of § 3313(d) of this title, concerning the assets held in the trust or trust account.

Any determination of liability for investment performance shall consider the performance of the entire portfolio and such other factors as the fiduciary considered when the investment decision was made.

(d) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this section, a trustee who discloses the application of this subsection and the limitation of the trustee’s duties thereunder either in the governing instrument or in a separate writing delivered to each insured at the inception of a contract of life insurance or thereafter if prior to an event giving rise to a claim thereunder, may acquire or retain a contract of life insurance upon the life of the trustor or the trustor’s spouse, or both, without liability for a loss arising from the trustee’s failure to:

(1) Determine whether the contract is or remains a proper investment;

(2) Investigate the financial strength or changes in the financial strength of the life insurance company;

(3) Make a determination of whether to exercise any policy option available under the contract;

(4) Make a determination of whether to diversify such contracts relative to 1 another or to other assets, if any, administered by the trustee; or

(5) Inquire about changes in the health or financial condition of the insured or insureds relative to any such contract.

(e) Any fiduciary acting under a governing instrument shall not be liable to anyone whose interests arise from that instrument for breach of fiduciary duty for the fiduciary’s good faith reliance on the express provisions of such instrument. The standards set forth in this section may be expanded, restricted or eliminated by express provisions in a governing instrument.

(f) Where a bank or trust company acting in a fiduciary capacity invests trust funds in, or otherwise acquires an interest in, a common trust fund which it or 1 of its affiliates manages, as defined in § 23A of the Federal Reserve Act (12 U.S.C. § 371c), the plan for such common trust fund shall be filed and recorded in the office of the Register in Chancery of the county in which is located the main office in Delaware of the bank or trust company which is the fiduciary for such trust funds.

(g) Fees may be charged for making an investment through a computerized or automated process, such as sweeping otherwise uninvested cash into a cash management vehicle, provided that the amount of such fees is disclosed on a continuing basis as a separate item on the regular periodic statements furnished to the beneficiaries of the account.

(h) A fiduciary is authorized, in the absence of an express provision to the contrary, whenever a law, regulation, governing instrument or order directs, requires, authorizes or permits investment in United States government obligations, to invest in those obligations, either directly or in the form of securities of, or other interests in, any open-end or closed-end management investment company or investment trust registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (54 Stat. 847, 15 U.S.C. § 80a-1 et seq.), if the portfolio of that investment company or investment trust is limited to United States government obligations and to repurchase agreements fully collateralized by United States government obligations, which collateral shall be delivered to or held by the investment company or investment trust, either directly or through an authorized custodian.

(i) Except in the case of United States government obligations, which are treated in subsection (h) of this section above, the authority to invest in specified types of investments includes authorization to invest in any open-end or closed-end management investment company or investment trust registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (54 Stat. 847, 15 U.S.C. § 80a-1 et seq.), or in any common or collective trust fund established and maintained by a corporate fiduciary, if the portfolio of the investment company or investment trust, or of the common or collective trust fund, consists substantially of the specified types of investments and is otherwise in conformity with the laws of the State.

25 Del. Laws, c. 226, §  3;  Code 1915, §  3875;  37 Del. Laws, c. 259, §  1;  40 Del. Laws, c. 230, §  1;  Code 1935, §  4401;  44 Del. Laws, c. 171, §  1;  12 Del. C. 1953, §  3302;  64 Del. Laws, c. 141, §  3;  65 Del. Laws, c. 422, §  5;  72 Del. Laws, c. 55;  74 Del. Laws, c. 81, §§  1, 2;  75 Del. Laws, c. 97, §  18;  79 Del. Laws, c. 172, §  2;  81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 4; 

(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Code or other law, the terms of a governing instrument may expand, restrict, eliminate, or otherwise vary any laws of general application to fiduciaries, trusts, and trust administration, including, but not limited to, any such laws pertaining to:

(1) The rights and interests of beneficiaries, including, but not limited to, the right to be informed of the beneficiary’s interest for a period of time, as set forth in subsection (c) of this section;

(2) The grounds for removal of a fiduciary;

(3) The circumstances, if any, in which the fiduciary must diversify investments;

(4) The manner in which a fiduciary should invest assets, including whether to engage in 1 or more sustainable or socially responsible investment strategies, in addition to, or in place of, other investment strategies, with or without regard to investment performance;

(5) A fiduciary’s powers, duties, standard of care, rights of indemnification and liability to persons whose interests arise from that instrument; and

(6) The terms of a power of appointment over trust property;

provided, however, that nothing contained in this section shall be construed to permit the exculpation or indemnification of a fiduciary for the fiduciary’s own wilful misconduct or preclude a court of competent jurisdiction from removing a fiduciary on account of the fiduciary’s wilful misconduct. The rule that statutes in derogation of the common law are to be strictly construed shall have no application to this section. It is the policy of this section to give maximum effect to the principle of freedom of disposition and to the enforceability of governing instruments.

(b) In furtherance of and not in limitation of the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, the terms of a governing instrument of a trust established and existing for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes or for noncharitable purposes shall not be modified by the court to change the trust’s purposes unless the purposes of the trust have become unlawful under the Constitution of this State or the United States or the trust would otherwise no longer serve any religious, charitable, scientific, literary, educational, or noncharitable purpose, in which case the court shall proceed in the manner directed by § 3541 of this title. A settlor may maintain an action to enforce a charitable or noncharitable trust under this section and may designate a person or persons, whether or not born at the time of such designation, to enforce a charitable or noncharitable trust under this section. For purposes of this subsection, a “noncharitable purpose” is a purpose within the meaning of § 3555 or § 3556 of this title.

(c) The terms of a governing instrument may expand, restrict, eliminate, or otherwise vary the right of a beneficiary to be informed of the beneficiary’s interest in a trust for a period of time, including but not limited to:

(1) A period of time related to the age of a beneficiary;

(2) A period of time related to the lifetime of each trustor and/or spouse of a trustor;

(3) A period of time related to a term of years or specific date; and/or

(4) A period of time related to a specific event that is certain to occur.

(d) During any period of time that a governing instrument restricts or eliminates the right of a beneficiary to be informed of the beneficiary’s interest in a trust, unless otherwise provided in the governing instrument, any designated representative (as defined in § 3339 of this title) then serving shall represent and bind such beneficiary for purposes of any judicial proceeding and for purposes of any nonjudicial matter, and shall have the authority to, and is a proper party to, initiate a proceeding relating to the trust before a court or administrative tribunal on behalf of any such beneficiary.

(e) For purposes of this section, “judicial proceeding” means any proceeding before a court or administrative tribunal, including but not limited to, a proceeding that involves a trust whether or not the administration of the trust is governed by the laws of this State, and “nonjudicial matter” includes, but is not limited to, the grant of consents, releases or ratifications pursuant to § 3588 of this title and the receipt of a report for purposes of measuring the limitation period described in § 3585 of this title.

25 Del. Laws, c. 226, §  3;  Code 1915, §  3875;  37 Del. Laws, c. 259, §  1;  40 Del. Laws, c. 230, §  1;  Code 1935, §  4401;  44 Del. Laws, c. 171, §  1;  47 Del. Laws, c. 19, §  1;  48 Del. Laws, c. 41, §  1;  12 Del. C. 1953, §  3303;  59 Del. Laws, c. 271, §  3;  72 Del. Laws, c. 388, §  9;  74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §  1;  75 Del. Laws, c. 97, §  3;  76 Del. Laws, c. 90, §  1;  76 Del. Laws, c. 254, §  3;  79 Del. Laws, c. 172, §  2;  79 Del. Laws, c. 352, §  2;  80 Del. Laws, c. 89, §  1;  81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 4;  82 Del. Laws, c. 52, § 1; 

Unless expressly provided otherwise in any instrument specified in § 3303 of this title, any provisions in any such instrument prescribing, defining or limiting the kind of property in which the funds of the trust to which such instrument relates shall be invested shall not apply to any property owned by a testator at the time of the testator’s death and delivered to the fiduciary by the personal representative of such testator who has created a trust by the testator’s will or delivered by the settlor to the fiduciary of a trust created in a trust agreement or delivered to the fiduciary pursuant to a court order or other instrument creating or defining the fiduciary’s duties and powers and such fiduciary may retain all such property so acquired, subject to the limitations of the standards set forth in § 3302 of this title. Furthermore, a provision in any such instrument directing the retention of any such property as a trust investment shall be deemed to waive any duty of diversification otherwise applicable to the fiduciary with respect to such property and shall exonerate the fiduciary from liability for retaining the property except in the case of wilful misconduct proven by clear and convincing evidence in the Court of Chancery.

25 Del. Laws, c. 226, §  3;  Code 1915, §  3875;  37 Del. Laws, c. 259, §  1;  40 Del. Laws, c. 230, §  1;  Code 1935, §  4401;  44 Del. Laws, c. 171, §  1;  48 Del. Laws, c. 41, §  1;  12 Del. C. 1953, §  3304;  70 Del Laws, c. 186,, §  1;  77 Del. Laws, c. 330, §  3; 

Unless expressly provided otherwise in any instrument specified in § 3303 of this title, a bank or trust company acting as a fiduciary and authorized so to act may retain in a trust estate shares of its own capital stock acquired in any manner referred to in § 3304 of this title, as effectively as though the instrument creating or defining the fiduciary’s duties and powers expressly so provided, subject to the limitations of the standards set forth in § 3302 of this title.

25 Del. Laws, c. 226, §  3;  Code 1915, §  3875;  37 Del. Laws, c. 259, §  1;  40 Del. Laws, c. 230, §  1;  Code 1935, §  4401;  44 Del. Laws, c. 171, §  1;  47 Del. Laws, c. 19, §  1;  48 Del. Laws, c. 41, §  1;  12 Del. C. 1953, §  3305; 

Subject to the provisions of § 3303 of this title, nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed as restricting the power of a court of proper jurisdiction to permit fiduciaries to deviate from the terms of any will, agreement or other instrument relating to the acquisition, investment, reinvestment, exchange, retention, sale or management of fiduciary property.

25 Del. Laws, c. 226, §  3;  Code 1915, §  3875;  37 Del. Laws, c. 259, §  1;  40 Del. Laws, c. 230, §  1;  Code 1935, §  4401;  44 Del. Laws, c. 171, §  1;  12 Del. C. 1953, §  3306;  76 Del. Laws, c. 254, §  4; 

(a) A bank or trust company authorized to act in a fiduciary capacity or in the capacity of agent with investment discretion, and acting in such capacity, may invest funds held by it for investment in fractional undivided interests in a common fund composed exclusively of property permitted for investment by the terms of § 3302 of this title and of cash, if such common fund shall have been created and is managed by any bank or trust company authorized to act in a fiduciary capacity, as trustee under a written plan, an original copy of which, executed by such bank or trust company, has been filed and is recorded in the Office of the Register in Chancery of the county in which the main office of such bank or trust company is located. Under such plan it shall not be permitted that any such fractional interests shall at any time be owned by other than a bank or trust company as fiduciary under will, under agreement or for a person with a mental condition or as guardian of a minor or of the property of a person who is elderly or impaired or a person with a mental condition or physical disability or as executor or administrator or as custodian pursuant to Chapter 45 of this title or as agent with investment discretion.

(b) At least once each 3 months, as of a predetermined date, a bank or trust company administering a common fund shall determine the fair value of the assets in the common fund. No fractional interest in the common fund shall be acquired or redeemed except on the basis of such valuation and as of such valuation date. A fractional interest in such common fund may only be acquired by payment:

(1) In cash; or

(2) In property other than cash, provided that such property other than cash is a permissible investment under the terms of § 3302 of this title and under the terms of the plan of a common fund.

If a fractional interest is acquired with property other than cash, such property shall be valued for the purposes of the acquisition in the same manner as assets are valued when held in the common fund and the purchaser shall bear all costs of the transfer to the common fund of title to such property. A fractional interest in such common fund may be redeemed by payment of an amount in cash, or ratably in kind, or partly in cash and partly in kind, equal to its proportionate part of the fair value of the common fund.

A reasonable period following each such predetermined date may be used to make the computations necessary to determine the value of the common fund and of the participations therein.

(c) Unless a bank or trust company making an investment for an account in a common fund shall find that the investments of the common fund as a whole are ones in which the funds of such account might not properly be invested at the time, the investment in such common fund shall not be improper.

(d) The bank or trust company may charge a fee or commission to the common fund for its management and receive fees or commissions from participating accounts which may be invested in a common fund in addition to those it would be entitled to receive if such accounts were otherwise invested.

25 Del. Laws, c. 226, §  3;  Code 1915, §  3875;  37 Del. Laws, c. 259, §  1;  40 Del. Laws, c. 230, §  1;  Code 1935, §  4401;  43 Del. Laws, c. 224, §  1;  44 Del. Laws, c. 171, §  1;  46 Del. Laws, c. 268, §  1;  12 Del. C. 1953, §  3307;  55 Del. Laws, c. 209;  63 Del. Laws, c. 207, §  1;  63 Del. Laws, c. 280, §  1;  78 Del. Laws, c. 179, §§  78, 79; 

(a) A bank or trust company shall not purchase, with funds held by it as a fiduciary, any property held by its commercial or banking department, but this prohibition shall not apply to mortgages and their accompanying bonds designated by its commercial or banking department for future trust investment at the time of acquisition by the commercial or banking department and purchased within 1 year from such time of acquisition with funds held by it in its trust department; provided the interest and taxes are current at the time of purchase by the trust department and an appraisal certificate on the real estate covered by the mortgages being purchased from at least 1 person competent and qualified to appraise real estate is obtained by the trust department at any time within 10 days prior to the purchase by and transfer to the trust department. This exception shall apply to all types of mortgages held by the commercial or banking department, including mortgages covering properties constructed during the 1-year period from the time the mortgages were acquired by the commercial or banking department; provided, with respect to the latter type of mortgages, that an appraisal certificate on the completed property from at least 1 person competent and qualified to appraise such property and a certificate from the owner of the property and/or the registered architect who planned the construction of the property certifying that the construction is complete and satisfactory in every respect, are obtained by the trust department at any time within 10 days prior to the purchase by and transfer to said department.

(b) The commercial or banking department shall make a report monthly to the board of directors of the bank or trust company listing all mortgages designated for trust investment and covering all transactions relating thereto and such report shall be noted in the minutes of the meeting of the board.

(c) The purchase of mortgages and their accompanying bonds permitted by this section shall be made subject to the limitations of the standard set forth in § 3302 of this title.

25 Del. Laws, c. 226, §  3;  Code 1915, §  3875;  37 Del. Laws, c. 259, §  1;  40 Del. Laws, c. 230, §  1;  Code 1935, §  4401;  48 Del. Laws, c. 226, §  1;  12 Del. C. 1953, §  3308; 

(a) Except as otherwise provided by the terms of the governing instrument, all securities in a fiduciary estate, whether held by the fiduciary or an agent for the fiduciary, shall be held in such manner that the fiduciary’s name and the fiduciary capacity in which the securities are held are fully disclosed, except as provided hereafter in this section or in § 3311 of this title.

(b) A bank or trust company acting as fiduciary or as agent for a fiduciary or nonfiduciary may hold securities in the name of its nominee without disclosing the capacity in which they are held, provided the records maintained with respect to those securities disclose the capacity in which they are held and provided there is no written objection from either a cofiduciary or the person for whom it is acting as agent.

59 Del. Laws, c. 271, §  4; 

(a) Except as otherwise provided by the terms of the governing instrument, all securities in a fiduciary estate, whether held by the fiduciary or an agent for the fiduciary, shall be stored separately from any other securities, except as provided hereafter in this section or in § 3311 of this title.

(b) A bank or trust company may store together securities of the same class of the same issuer held by it as fiduciary or as agent for a fiduciary or nonfiduciary (but not its own securities) and may combine the securities so stored together into 1 or more securities of the same class of the same issuer, provided the records maintained with respect to those securities disclose the capacity in which they are held and provided there is no written objection from either a cofiduciary or the person for whom it is acting as agent.

59 Del. Laws, c. 271, §  5; 

(a) Except as otherwise provided by the terms of the governing instrument, a bank or trust company may deposit or arrange for the deposit of in a clearing corporation securities held by it as fiduciary or as agent for a fiduciary or nonfiduciary, provided the records maintained with respect to those securities by such bank or trust company disclose the capacity in which they are held and provided there is no written objection from either a cofiduciary or the person for whom it is acting as agent.

(b) Securities deposited in a clearing corporation may be registered in the name of either the clearing corporation or its nominee without disclosing the capacity in which they are held.

(c) Securities deposited in a clearing corporation may be stored together with other securities of the same class of the same issuer also stored in the clearing corporation (but not the securities of the clearing corporation) and may be combined with such other securities into 1 or more securities of the same class of the same issuer.

59 Del. Laws, c. 271, §  6;  61 Del. Laws, c. 489, §  1; 

(a) As used in this section:

(1) “Affiliate” means any corporation or other entity that directly or indirectly through 1 or more intermediaries controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the fiduciary.

(2) “Affiliated investment” means an investment for which the fiduciary or an affiliate of the fiduciary acts as adviser, administrator, distributor, placement agent, underwriter, broker or in any other capacity for which it receives or has received a fee or commission from such investment or an investment acquired or disposed of in a transaction for which the fiduciary or an affiliate of the fiduciary receives or has received a fee or commission.

(3) “Fee or commission” means compensation paid to a fiduciary or an affiliate thereof on account of its services to or on behalf of an investment.

(4) “Fiduciary” means any person, including a bank or trust company, acting as a fiduciary as defined in § 3301 of this title, and includes an agent with investment discretion, whether or not such investment discretion has been delegated to such agent by another fiduciary or fiduciaries or granted directly to such agent.

(5) “Governing instrument” means any governing instrument as defined in § 3301 of this title, and includes any agreement or instrument granting fiduciary investment discretion.

(6) “Investment” shall mean any security as defined in § 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 1933 [15 U.S.C. § 77b(a)(1)], any contract of sale of a commodity for future delivery within the meaning of § 2(i) of the Commodity Exchange Act [7 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.], or any other asset permitted for fiduciary accounts pursuant to the terms of § 3302 of this title or by the terms of the governing instrument, including by way of illustration and not limitation, shares or interests in a private investment fund (including a private investment fund organized as a limited partnership, limited liability company, a statutory or common law business trust, or a real estate investment trust), joint venture or other general or limited partnership, or an open-end or closed-end management type investment company or investment trust registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

(b) Subject to the investment standards stated in § 3302 of this title, a fiduciary may purchase, sell, hold or otherwise deal with an affiliate or an interest in an affiliated investment and, upon satisfaction of the conditions stated in subsection (c) of this section, such fiduciary may receive fiduciary compensation from such account at the same rate as the fiduciary would otherwise be entitled to be compensated.

(c) A fiduciary seeking compensation pursuant to subsection (b) of this section shall disclose to each principal in an agency relationship, and to all current recipients of account statements of any other fiduciary account, all fees or commissions paid or to be paid by the account, or received or to be received by an affiliate arising from such affiliated investment or such other dealing with an affiliate. The disclosure required under this subsection may be given either in a copy of the prospectus or any other disclosure document prepared for the affiliated investment under federal or state securities laws or in a written summary that includes all fees or commissions received or to be received by the fiduciary or any affiliate of the fiduciary and an explanation of the manner in which such fees or commissions are calculated (either as a percentage of the assets invested or by some other method). Such disclosure shall be made at least annually unless there has been no increase in the rate at which such fees or commissions are calculated since the most recent disclosure. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this subsection, no such disclosure is required if:

(1) The governing instrument or a court order expressly authorizes the fiduciary to invest the fiduciary account in affiliated investments or otherwise deal with an affiliate or an interest in an affiliated investment; or

(2) The fiduciary invests in an affiliated investment or otherwise deals with an affiliate or an interest in an affiliated investment at the direction of an adviser (who expressly directs the fiduciary to enter into a transaction that would otherwise require disclosure under this subsection and who is not an affiliate) pursuant to subsection (b) of § 3313 of this title.

(d) A fiduciary that has complied with subsection (c) of this section (whether by making the applicable disclosure or by relying on the terms of a governing instrument or court order) shall have full authority to administer an affiliated investment (including the authority to vote proxies thereon) without regard to the affiliation between the fiduciary and the investment.

65 Del. Laws, c. 422, §  5;  72 Del. Laws, c. 33, §  1;  73 Del. Laws, c. 329, §  54;  74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §  2;  74 Del. Laws, c. 268, §  1–5;  77 Del. Laws, c. 330, §  4;  80 Del. Laws, c. 153, §  3;  81 Del. Laws, c. 149, § 1; 

(a) Where 1 or more persons are given authority by the terms of a governing instrument to direct, consent to or disapprove a fiduciary’s actual or proposed investment decisions, distribution decisions or other decision of the fiduciary, such persons shall be considered to be advisers and fiduciaries when exercising such authority provided, however, that the governing instrument may provide that any such adviser (including a protector) shall act in a nonfiduciary capacity.

(b) If a governing instrument provides that a fiduciary is to follow the direction of an adviser or is not to take specified actions except at the direction of an adviser, and the fiduciary acts in accordance with such a direction, then except in cases of wilful misconduct on the part of the fiduciary so directed, the fiduciary shall not be liable for any loss resulting directly or indirectly from any such act.

(c) If a governing instrument provides that a fiduciary is to make decisions with the consent of an adviser, then except in cases of wilful misconduct or gross negligence on the part of the fiduciary, the fiduciary shall not be liable for any loss resulting directly or indirectly from any act taken or omitted as a result of such adviser’s objection to such act or failure to provide such consent after having been requested to do so by the fiduciary.

(d) For purposes of this section, unless the terms of the governing instrument provide otherwise, “investment decision” means with respect to all of the trust’s investments (or, if applicable, to investments specified in the governing instrument), the retention, purchase, sale, exchange, tender or other transaction or decision affecting the ownership thereof or rights therein (including the powers to borrow and lend for investment purposes, provided, however, that the power to lend for investment purposes shall be considered an investment decision only with respect to loans other than those described in § 3325(19)b. and c. of this title), all management, control and voting powers related directly or indirectly to such investments (including, without limitation, nonpublicly traded investments), the selection of custodians or subcustodians other than the trustee, the selection and compensation of, and delegation to, investments advisers, managers or other investment providers, and with respect to nonpublicly traded investments, the valuation thereof, and an adviser with authority with respect to such decisions is an investment adviser.

(e) Whenever a governing instrument provides that a fiduciary is to follow the direction of an adviser with respect to investment decisions, distribution decisions, or other decisions of the fiduciary or shall not take specified actions except at the direction of an adviser, then, except to the extent that the governing instrument provides otherwise, the fiduciary shall have no duty to:

(1) Monitor the conduct of the adviser;

(2) Provide advice to the adviser or consult with the adviser; or

(3) Communicate with or warn or apprise any beneficiary or third party concerning instances in which the fiduciary would or might have exercised the fiduciary’s own discretion in a manner different from the manner directed by the adviser.

Absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary, the actions of the fiduciary pertaining to matters within the scope of the adviser’s authority (such as confirming that the adviser’s directions have been carried out and recording and reporting actions taken at the adviser’s direction), shall be presumed to be administrative actions taken by the fiduciary solely to allow the fiduciary to perform those duties assigned to the fiduciary under the governing instrument and such administrative actions shall not be deemed to constitute an undertaking by the fiduciary to monitor the adviser or otherwise participate in actions within the scope of the adviser’s authority.

(f) For purposes of this section, the term “adviser” shall include a “protector” who shall have all of the power and authority granted to the protector by the terms of the governing instrument, which may include but shall not be limited to:

(1) The power to remove and appoint trustees, advisers, trust committee members, and other protectors;

(2) The power to modify or amend the governing instrument to achieve favorable tax status or to facilitate the efficient administration of the trust; and

(3) The power to modify, expand, or restrict the terms of a power of appointment granted to a beneficiary by the governing instrument.

(g) A person who accepts appointment as an adviser of a trust, or acts as an adviser of a trust under this section, submits to personal jurisdiction of this State regarding any matter related to the trust. This provision does not preclude other methods of obtaining jurisdiction over such adviser of a trust.

65 Del. Laws, c. 422, §  5;  69 Del. Laws, c. 279, §  1;  74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §  3;  76 Del. Laws, c. 90, §  2;  76 Del. Laws, c. 254, §  5;  78 Del. Laws, c. 117, §  3;  79 Del. Laws, c. 197, §  1;  80 Del. Laws, c. 153, §  3;  81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 4; 

(a) If the terms of a governing instrument confer upon a cotrustee, to the exclusion of another cotrustee, the power to take certain actions with respect to the trust, including the power to direct or prevent certain actions of the trustees, the duty and liability of the excluded trustee is as follows:

(1) If the terms of the governing instrument confer upon the cotrustee the power to direct certain actions of the excluded trustee, the excluded trustee must act in accordance with the direction and shall have no duty to act in the absence of such direction and is not liable, individually or as a fiduciary, for any loss resulting directly or indirectly from compliance with the direction unless compliance with the direction constitutes wilful misconduct on the part of the directed cotrustee;

(2) If the terms of the governing instrument confer upon the cotrustee exclusive authority to exercise any power, the excluded trustee is not liable, individually or as a fiduciary, for any loss resulting directly or indirectly from the action taken by the cotrustee in the exercise of the power, such that the excluded trustee shall not be a fiduciary with respect to any power as to which the governing instrument has conferred upon the cotrustee exclusive authority in accordance with this paragraph (a)(2), but shall remain a fiduciary with respect to any powers or other matters as to which the governing instrument has not conferred exclusive authority on the cotrustee; and

(3) The excluded trustee has no duty to monitor the conduct of the cotrustee, provide advice to the cotrustee or consult with or request directions from the cotrustee. The excluded trustee is not required to give notice to any beneficiary of any action taken or not taken by the cotrustee whether or not the excluded trustee agrees with the result. Administrative actions taken by the excluded trustee for the purpose of implementing directions of the cotrustee, including confirming that the directions of the cotrustee have been carried out, do not constitute monitoring of the cotrustee nor do they constitute participation in decisions within the scope of the cotrustee’s authority.

(b) The cotrustee holding the power to take certain actions with respect to the trust shall be liable to the beneficiaries with respect to the exercise of the power as if the excluded trustee were not in office and shall have the exclusive obligation to account to the beneficiaries and defend any action brought by the beneficiaries with respect to the exercise of the power.

81 Del. Laws, c. 149, § 1;  81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 4; 

(a) This section shall apply to:

(1) Any trust created under a governing instrument that, but for this section, would permit any of the powers described in subsection (c) of this section to be exercised by the fiduciary unless the governing instrument expressly provides that this section does not apply.

(2) For purposes of this section, the term “fiduciary” means any trustee or trust adviser or the personal representative of an estate except to the extent the governing instrument expressly states that such person is not serving in a fiduciary capacity.

(b) This section shall not apply to:

(1) Any trust during the time that the trust is revocable or amendable by its trustor.

(2) A spouse of a decedent or trustor where the spouse is a fiduciary of a testamentary or inter vivos trust for which a marital deduction has been allowed.

(3) A fiduciary who possesses in such fiduciary’s individual, nonfiduciary, capacity an unlimited right to appoint all or part of the property held in trust to the fiduciary, the fiduciary’s estate, the fiduciary’s creditors, or the creditors of the fiduciary’s estate.

(4) A trust under a governing instrument that by specific reference expressly rejects the application of this section.

(5) A trust created under a governing instrument executed on or before August 1, 2008, if, in the case of a fiduciary’s possessing a power described in subsection (c) of this section and dying at any time on or after August 1, 2008, no part of the property of the trust would be included in the gross estate of the fiduciary for federal estate-tax purposes or, notwithstanding that all or some part of the property held in trust would be so included, no federal estate tax would be payable by such estate.

(6) A trust created under a governing instrument executed on or before August 1, 2008, if, in the case of a beneficiary’s possessing a power to appoint a trustee and dying at any time on or after August 1, 2008, no part of the property of the trust would be included in the gross estate of the beneficiary for federal estate-tax purposes or, notwithstanding that all or some part of the property held in trust would be so included, no federal estate tax would be payable by such estate.

(c) The following powers conferred by a governing instrument upon a fiduciary in that fiduciary’s capacity as a fiduciary shall not be exercised by that fiduciary:

(1) The power to make discretionary distributions of either principal or income to or for the benefit of the fiduciary, the fiduciary’s estate, the creditors of the fiduciary, or the creditors of the fiduciary’s estate unless the power is either:

a. Limited by an ascertainable standard relating to the fiduciary’s health, education, support, or maintenance within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. §§ 2041 (relating to powers of appointment) and 2514 (relating to powers of appointment); or

b. Exercisable by the fiduciary only in conjunction with another person having a substantial interest in the property subject to the power which is adverse to the interest of the fiduciary within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. § 2041(b)(1)(C)(ii).

(2) The power to make discretionary distributions of either principal or income to satisfy any of the fiduciary’s personal legal obligations for support or other purposes.

(3) The power to make discretionary allocations in the fiduciary’s personal favor of receipts or expenses as between income and principal unless the fiduciary has no power to enlarge or shift any beneficial interest except as an incidental consequence of the discharge of the fiduciary’s duties.

(4) The power to exercise any of the powers proscribed in this subsection with regard to an individual other than the fiduciary to the extent that the individual could exercise a similar prohibited power in connection with a trust that benefits the fiduciary.

(5) The power to make an election, other than an election under 26 U.S.C. §§ 2056(b)(7) and 2523(f) (relating to the federal estate-tax and gift-tax marital deductions), in a fiduciary capacity that would cause the property over which the election could be made to be included in the gross estate of the fiduciary for federal estate-tax purposes.

(d) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions:

(1) If a fiduciary is prohibited by this section from exercising a power conferred upon the fiduciary, the fiduciary nevertheless may exercise that power but shall be limited to distributions for the fiduciary’s health, education, support, or maintenance to the extent otherwise permitted by the terms of the trust.

(2) Unless otherwise prohibited by the provisions of this section, a fiduciary may exercise a power described herein in favor of someone other than the fiduciary, the fiduciary’s estate, the creditors of the fiduciary, or the creditors of the fiduciary’s estate.

(3) Subject to the preceding paragraphs of this subsection, any purported exercise of a power proscribed by subsection (c) of this section shall be void and of no effect.

(e) If a governing instrument creates a power proscribed by this section:

(1) If the power is conferred on 2 or more fiduciaries, it may be exercised by the fiduciary or fiduciaries who are not so prohibited as if they were the only fiduciary or fiduciaries.

(2) If there is no fiduciary in office who can exercise the power as provided in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, the court, upon petition and hearing after such notice as it may direct, shall appoint a fiduciary who is not disqualified and whose term in office shall be as the court directs for the sole purpose of exercising the power that the other fiduciary or fiduciaries cannot exercise.

(3) The court may, upon petition by any fiduciary or beneficiary of the trust subject to the power, appoint an additional fiduciary or fiduciaries.

(f) No beneficiary of a trust in an individual, fiduciary, or other capacity may appoint, or remove and appoint, a fiduciary who is related or subordinate to the beneficiary within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. § 672(c) unless:

(1) The fiduciary’s discretionary power to make distributions to or for the beneficiary is limited by an ascertainable standard relating to the beneficiary’s health, education, support, or maintenance within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. §§ 2041 and 2514;

(2) The fiduciary’s discretionary power may not be exercised to satisfy any of the beneficiary’s legal obligations for support or other purposes; and

(3) The fiduciary’s discretionary power may not be exercised to grant to the beneficiary a general power to appoint property of the trust to the beneficiary, the beneficiary’s estate, or the creditors thereof within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. § 2041.

(4) This subsection shall not apply if the appointment of the fiduciary by the beneficiary may be made only in conjunction with another person having a substantial interest in the property of the trust subject to the power which is adverse to the exercise of the power in favor of the beneficiary within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. § 2041(b)(1)(C)(ii).

76 Del. Laws, c. 254, §  6;  70 Del. Laws, c. 186, §  1; 

(a) Where discretion is conferred upon the fiduciary with respect to the exercise of a power, its exercise by the fiduciary shall be considered to be proper unless the court determines that the discretion has been abused within the meaning of § 187 of the Restatement (Second) of Trusts, not §§ 50 and 60 of the Restatement (Third) of Trusts.

(b) A beneficiary eligible to receive distributions from a trust in the discretion of a trustee or other fiduciary has a discretionary interest in the trust. Discretionary interest in a trust is a mere expectancy, not a property right. A beneficiary eligible to receive distributions from a trust in the discretion of a trustee or other fiduciary, even if subject to an ascertainable standard (as defined in Treas. Reg. § 20.2041-1(c)(2) (26 CFR § 20.2041-1(c)(2)) or any successor provision thereto), has a discretionary interest in the trust. An interest that includes mandatory distribution language such as “shall” but is qualified by discretionary distribution language is a discretionary interest. A creditor may not directly or indirectly compel the distribution of a discretionary interest except to the extent expressly granted by the terms of a governing instrument in accordance with § 3536(a) of this title. Nothing within this subsection shall be deemed to alter the standard of review of the discretion of the trustee or other fiduciary under subsection (a) of this section.

76 Del. Laws, c. 254, §  7;  83 Del. Laws, c. 69, § 2; 

Except as otherwise expressly provided by the terms of a governing instrument, if a trustor has a power to substitute property of equivalent value, the fiduciary responsible for investment decisions has a fiduciary duty to determine that the substituted property is of equivalent value prior to allowing the substitution.

77 Del. Laws, c. 330, §  5;  79 Del. Laws, c. 197, §  1; 

Except as otherwise provided in a governing instrument, each trust fiduciary (including trustees, advisers, protectors, and other fiduciaries), and each trust nonfiduciary, has a duty upon request to keep all of the fiduciaries and nonfiduciaries for the trust reasonably informed about the administration of the trust with respect to any specific duty or function being performed by such fiduciary or nonfiduciary to the extent that providing such information to the other fiduciaries and nonfiduciaries is reasonably necessary for the other fiduciaries and nonfiduciaries to perform their duties; provided, however, that:

(1) A fiduciary or nonfiduciary requesting and receiving any such information shall have no duty to: monitor the conduct of the fiduciary or nonfiduciary providing the information; provide advice to or consult with the fiduciary or nonfiduciary providing the information; or communicate with or warn or apprise any beneficiary or third party concerning instances in which the fiduciary or nonfiduciary receiving the information would or might have exercised the fiduciary's or nonfiduciary's own discretion in a manner different from the manner in which such discretion was actually exercised by the fiduciary or nonfiduciary providing the information; and

(2) A fiduciary or nonfiduciary providing any such information shall have no duty to: monitor the conduct of the fiduciary or nonfiduciary requesting and receiving the information; provide advice to or consult with the fiduciary or nonfiduciary requesting and receiving the information; or communicate with or warn or apprise any beneficiary or third party concerning instances in which the fiduciary or nonfiduciary providing the information would or might have exercised the fiduciary's or nonfiduciary's own discretion in a manner different from the manner in which such discretion was actually exercised by the fiduciary or nonfiduciary requesting and receiving the information.

77 Del. Laws, c. 330, §  6;  81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 4; 

Repealed 76 Del. Laws, c. 254, § 8.

(a) A fiduciary may appoint agents to assist in the performance of the fiduciary’s duties, pay such agents from the fiduciary fund and delegate investment, management, or other fiduciary duties to any such agent, including an agent who is a cofiduciary.

(b) When a fiduciary, acting in the fiduciary’s discretion and not at the direction of any adviser, appoints an agent to assist in the performance of the fiduciary’s duties, the standard of care applicable to the fiduciary when personally performing such duties shall continue to apply to the fiduciary with respect to selecting and hiring the agent, paying the agent from the fiduciary fund, establishing the scope and specific terms of the agency relationship, and overseeing the agent’s actions and continuing the agency relationship, but the fiduciary shall not otherwise be liable for the conduct of such agent. The foregoing rule shall apply even if:

(1) The aggregate amount paid to the agent and the fiduciary from the fiduciary fund exceeds the amount otherwise payable from the fiduciary fund to the fiduciary under subchapter V of Chapter 35 of this title or other applicable law; or

(2) The standard of care applicable to the agent is a lower standard than the standard applicable to the fiduciary when personally performing duties to be performed by the agent.

(c) When a fiduciary delegates investment, management, or other fiduciary duties to an agent, such delegation shall not cause the fiduciary to cease to be a fiduciary or cause the agent to be a fiduciary.

65 Del. Laws, c. 422, §  6;  73 Del. Laws, c. 47, §  1;  74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §  7;  75 Del. Laws, c. 300, §  1;  79 Del. Laws, c. 352, §  3;  82 Del. Laws, c. 52, § 1; 

(a) Unless provided otherwise by the governing instrument, any power vested in 3 or more fiduciaries or nonfiduciaries by the governing instrument or by law may be exercised by a majority of such fiduciaries or nonfiduciaries and a majority of fiduciaries or nonfiduciaries named in a governing instrument may designate 1 of such fiduciaries or nonfiduciaries to perform ministerial functions on behalf of all such fiduciaries or nonfiduciaries. A fiduciary or nonfiduciary who dissents from the action of the majority is not liable to anyone having an interest in the fiduciary fund, or to the other fiduciaries or nonfiduciaries, if such dissent is evidenced by a writing delivered to the majority of the fiduciaries or nonfiduciaries.

(b) This section does not excuse a cofiduciary or co-nonfiduciary from liability for failure to participate in the administration of the fiduciary fund or for failure to attempt to prevent a breach of trust, or for failure to seek advice and guidance from the court in a recurring situation, unless otherwise expressly provided by the governing instrument.

65 Del. Laws, c. 422, §  6;  74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §  7;  81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 4; 

(a) A trustee, without authorization by the court, may exercise:

(1) Powers conferred by the terms of the trust; and

(2) Except as limited by the terms of the trust, any other powers conferred by this chapter.

(b) Except as modified by the terms of a trust, the exercise of a power is subject to the fiduciary duties otherwise prescribed by law.

72 Del. Laws, c. 388, §  4;  74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §  7; 

Without limiting the authority conferred by § 3324 of this title, a trustee may:

(1) Collect trust property and accept or decline additions to the trust property from a trustor or any other person;

(2) Acquire or sell property, for cash or on credit, at public or private sale;

(3) Exchange, partition or otherwise change the character of trust property;

(4) Deposit trust funds in an account in a regulated financial services institution, including an institution operated by or affiliated with the trustee;

(5) Borrow money, with or without security, and mortgage or pledge trust property for a period within or extending beyond the duration of the trust and, in connection with any such borrowing, mortgaging or pledging, indemnify the lender against liability incurred with respect to, or in connection with, the borrowing and entering into any related mortgage or pledge or security agreement;

(6) Advance money for the protection of the trust, where the trustee has a lien on the trust property as against a beneficiary for reimbursement of those advances, with reasonable interest;

(7) With respect to an interest in a proprietorship, partnership, limited liability company, statutory trust, business trust, corporation or other form of business or enterprise, continue the business or other enterprise and take any action that may be taken by shareholders, members or property owners, including merging, dissolving or otherwise changing the form of business organization or contributing additional capital;

(8) With respect to stocks or other securities, to exercise the rights of an absolute owner, including the right to:

a. Vote, or give proxies to vote, with or without power of substitution, or enter into or continue a voting trust agreement;

b. Hold a security in the name of a nominee or in other form without disclosure of the trust so that title may pass by delivery;

c. Pay calls, assessments and other sums chargeable or accruing against the securities, and sell or exercise stock subscription or conversion rights; and

d. Deposit the securities with a securities depository or other regulated financial services institution;

(9) With respect to an interest in real property, construct, make ordinary or extraordinary repairs, alterations or improvements in buildings or other structures, demolish improvements, raze existing or erect new party walls or buildings, subdivide or develop land, dedicate land to public use or grant public or private easements, and make or vacate plats and adjust boundaries;

(10) Enter into a lease for any purpose as lessor or lessee, including a lease or other arrangement for exploration and removal of natural resources, with or without the option to purchase or renew, for a period within the duration of the trust;

(11) Grant an option involving a sale, lease or other disposition of trust property or take an option for the acquisition of property, excluding an option exercisable beyond the duration of the trust, and exercise an option so acquired;

(12) Insure the property of the trust against damage or loss and insure the trustee, the trustee’s agents and beneficiaries against liability arising from the administration of the trust;

(13) Abandon or decline to administer property of no value or of insufficient value to justify its collection or continued administration;

(14) With respect to possible liability for environmental conditions:

a. Inspect or investigate property the trustee holds or has been asked to hold, or property owned or operated by an entity in which the trustee holds or has been asked to hold an interest, for the purpose of determining the application of environmental law with respect to the property;

b. Take action to prevent, abate or otherwise remedy any actual or potential violation of any environmental law affecting property held directly or indirectly by the trustee, whether taken before or after the initiation of a claim or governmental enforcement action;

c. Decline to accept property into trust or to disclaim any power with respect to property that has or may have environmental liability attached;

d. Compromise claims against the trust which may be asserted for an alleged violation of environmental law; and

e. Pay the expense of any inspection, review, abatement or remedial action to comply with environmental law;

(15) Pay or contest any claim, settle a claim by or against the trust, and release, in whole or in part, a claim belonging to the trust:

(16) Pay taxes, assessments and compensation of the trustee and of employees and agents of the trust, and other expenses incurred in the administration of the trust;

(17) Exercise elections with respect to federal, state and local taxes;

(18) Select a mode of payment under any employee benefit or retirement plan, annuity or life insurance payable to the trustee, exercise rights thereunder, and take appropriate action to collect the proceeds, including exercise of the right to indemnification against expenses and liabilities;

(19) Make loans out of or guarantees based on trust property and, in connection with any such guarantee of a loan, indemnify the lender against liability incurred with respect to, or in connection with, the loan and any related mortgage, pledge or security agreement, including loans to or guarantees for the benefit of a beneficiary on terms and conditions the trustee considers to be fair and reasonable under the circumstances, and subject to § 3536 of this title, the trustee has a lien on future distributions for repayment of those loans and for the repayment of an amount equal to any payment made or that might be made on account of such guarantee; provided further that any such loans or guarantees shall only be permitted to the extent the same are either:

a. Made for investment purposes;

b. Made in lieu of a distribution amount that could have been made currently to or for such beneficiary under the terms of the governing instrument, not made in excess of such amount, and the fiduciary creates a reserve for the potential liability; or

c. Made to or for the benefit of another trust of which such beneficiary is also a beneficiary, provided the requirements of paragraph (19)b. of this section are satisfied.

(20) Appoint a trustee to act in another state or country as to trust property located in the other jurisdiction, confer upon the appointed trustee all of the powers and duties of the appointing trustee, require that the appointed trustee furnish security, and remove any trustee so appointed;

(21) Pay an amount distributable to a beneficiary who is under a legal disability or who the trustee reasonably believes is incapacitated by paying it directly to the beneficiary or applying it for the beneficiary’s benefit, or by:

a. Paying it to the beneficiary’s guardian;

b. Paying it to the beneficiary’s custodian under the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act [Chapter 45 of this title], and for such purpose, to create a custodianship;

c. If there is no custodian paying it to an adult relative or other person having legal or physical care or custody of the beneficiary, to be expended on the beneficiary’s behalf;

d. Depositing it in a regulated financial services institution in an interest bearing account or certificate in the sole name of the beneficiary and by giving notice of the deposit to the beneficiary; or

e. The trustee managing it as a separate fund on the beneficiary’s behalf, subject to the beneficiary’s continuing right to withdraw the distribution.

(22) On distribution of trust property or the division or termination of a trust, make distributions in divided or undivided interests, allocate particular assets in proportionate or disproportionate shares, value the trust property for those purposes, and adjust for resulting differences in valuation;

(23) Decide, in accordance with § 61-103(b) of this title, how and in what proportions any receipts or disbursements are credited, charged or apportioned as between principal and income, including the ability to create reserves out of income for depreciation, depletion, amortization or obsolescence;

(24) If all interested beneficiaries also consent, consent to the resolution of a dispute concerning the interpretation of the trust or its administration by mediation, arbitration or other procedure for alternative dispute resolution;

(25) Prosecute or defend an action, claim or judicial proceeding in any jurisdiction to protect trust property and the trustee in the performance of the trustee’s duties;

(26) Sign and deliver contracts and other instruments that are useful to achieve or facilitate the exercise of the trustee’s powers;

(27) On termination of the trust, exercise the powers appropriate to wind up the administration of the trust and distribute the trust property to the persons entitled to it;

(28) Sever any trust estate on a fractional basis into 2 or more separate trusts for any reason; and segregate by allocation to a separate account or trust a specific amount or specific assets included in the trust property or gift made from any trust to reflect a partial disclaimer, to reflect or result in differences in federal tax attributes, to satisfy any federal tax requirement or election, to reduce potential generation-skipping transfer tax liability, to accomplish a division along family lines, or for any other reason, in a manner consistent with the rules governing disclaimers, such federal tax attributes, such requirements or elections, or any applicable tax rules or regulations, and income earned on a segregated amount, specific assets, or gift after segregation occurs shall pass to the designated taker of such amount, specific assets, or gift. In managing, investing, administering, and distributing the trust property of any separate account or trust and in making applicable tax elections, the trustee may consider the differences in federal tax attributes and all other factors the trustee believes pertinent and may make disproportionate distributions from the separate trusts created. A separate account or trust created by severance or segregation shall be treated as a separate trust for all purposes from and after the date on which the severance or segregation is effective, and shall be held on terms and conditions that are substantially equivalent to the terms of the trust from which it was severed or segregated so that the aggregate interests of each beneficiary in the several trusts are substantially equivalent to the beneficiary’s interests in the trust before severance or segregation; provided, however, that any terms of the trust before severance or segregation that, if altered, would adversely affect qualification of the trust for any federal tax deduction, exclusion, election, exemption, or other special federal tax status must remain identical in each of the separate trusts created;

(29) Declare 1 or more new trusts for the purpose of merging all, or a portion, of the trust with or into the new trust or trusts and merge all or a portion of the trust with or into any other trust or trusts, including statutory trusts and foreign statutory trusts as defined in § 3801 of this title, whether or not created by the same trustor and whether or not funded prior to the merger, to be held and administered as a single trust if such a merger would not result in a material change in the dispositive terms of the trust defining the nature and extent of any trust beneficiary’s interest in the principal or income of the trust;

(30) Take such actions as are necessary to cause gains from the sale or exchange of trust assets, as determined for federal income-tax purposes, to be taxed for federal income-tax purposes as part of a distribution of income (including income which has been increased by an adjustment from principal to income under § 61-104 of this title), a unitrust distribution, or a distribution of principal to a beneficiary; and

(31) Exercise all rights and powers granted to a fiduciary under the Fiduciary Access to Digital Assets and Accounts Act, Chapter 50 of this title.

72 Del. Laws, c. 388, §  5;  73 Del. Laws, c. 329, §  55;  74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §  7;  75 Del. Laws, c. 97, §  4;  76 Del. Laws, c. 90, §  13;  77 Del. Laws, c. 98, §  6;  77 Del. Laws, c. 330, §§  7, 8;  79 Del. Laws, c. 172, §  2;  79 Del. Laws, c. 416, §  4;  80 Del. Laws, c. 153, §  3;  81 Del. Laws, c. 149, § 1;  82 Del. Laws, c. 52, § 1; 

(a) For purposes of this section and § 3327 of this title, the term “officeholder” includes a trustee, an adviser as defined in § 3313 of this title, and a designated representative as defined in § 3339 of this title.

(b) An officeholder may resign:

(1) If the governing instrument expressly permits the officeholder to resign, in accordance with the terms of the governing instrument;

(2) If the governing instrument neither expressly permits nor prohibits the officeholder’s resignation, but establishes a procedure for the appointment of a successor officeholder who shall be willing and able to serve as such, upon 30 days written notice to the beneficiaries, those holding the power to appoint a successor officeholder, and any other officeholders; or

(3) In all other cases, with the approval of the Court of Chancery.

(c) A beneficiary or other officeholder may waive the notice otherwise required by this section.

(d) In approving a resignation, the Court of Chancery may impose orders and conditions reasonably necessary for the protection of the trust property, including the appointment of a special fiduciary.

(e) Any liability of a resigning officeholder or of any sureties on the officeholder’s bond, if any, for acts or omissions of a resigning officeholder is not discharged or affected by the officeholder’s resignation.

72 Del. Laws, c. 388, §  6;  74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §  7;  83 Del. Laws, c. 69, § 2; 

If a governing instrument expressly permits an officeholder (as defined in § 3326 of this title) to be removed, the officeholder may be removed in accordance with the terms of the governing instrument. In addition, the Court of Chancery may remove an officeholder on the Court’s own initiative or on petition of a trustor, another officeholder, or beneficiary if:

(1) The officeholder has committed a breach of trust; or

(2) The continued service of the officeholder substantially impairs the administration of the trust; or

(3) The court, having due regard for the expressed intention of the trustor and the best interests of the beneficiaries, determines that notwithstanding the absence of a breach of trust, there exists:

a. A substantial change in circumstances;

b. Unfitness, unwillingness or inability of the officeholder to administer the trust or perform its duties properly; or

c. Hostility between the officeholder and beneficiaries or other officeholders that threatens the efficient administration of the trust.

72 Del. Laws, c. 388, §  6;  74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §  7;  83 Del. Laws, c. 69, § 2; 

(a) Except as otherwise provided in the contract, a fiduciary is not personally liable on a contract properly entered into in a fiduciary capacity if the fiduciary in the contract discloses the fiduciary capacity.

(b) The debts, obligations and liabilities incurred by a fiduciary by reason of the ownership or control of property held in a fiduciary capacity, including but not limited to liability incurred as a general or limited partner or for violation of environmental law, shall be enforceable solely against the fiduciary fund and no fiduciary shall be obligated personally for any such debt, obligation or liability solely by reason of owning or controlling the fiduciary fund.

(c) A fiduciary is personally liable for torts committed in the course of administering a fiduciary fund only if the fiduciary is personally at fault on account of the fiduciary’s own wilful misconduct proven by clear and convincing evidence in the court then having primary jurisdiction over the fiduciary.

(d) A claim based on a contract entered into by a fiduciary in the fiduciary’s fiduciary capacity on an obligation arising from ownership or control of the fiduciary fund or on a tort committed in the course of administering a fiduciary fund may be asserted in a judicial proceeding against the fiduciary in the fiduciary’s fiduciary capacity whether or not the fiduciary is personally liable on the claim.

(e) This section shall have no application to any action brought by or on behalf of a beneficiary for violation of a fiduciary’s fiduciary duties.

(f) Notwithstanding the provisions of this chapter or any other Delaware law, the term “fiduciary” shall mean a fiduciary as defined in § 3301 of this title and an adviser, including but not limited to an investment adviser or distribution adviser serving in conjunction with such a fiduciary.

73 Del. Laws, c. 409, §  1;  74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §  7;  77 Del. Laws, c. 98, §  7; 

(a) A provision of a will or trust that if given effect would reduce or eliminate the interest of any beneficiary of such will or trust who initiates or participates in an action to contest the validity of such will or trust or to set aside or vary the terms of such will or trust shall be enforceable.

(b) The provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall have no application to:

(1) Any action brought by the trustee of a trust or the personal representative under a will;

(2) Any action in which the beneficiary is determined by the court to have prevailed substantially;

(3) Any agreement among beneficiaries of the will or trust in settlement of a dispute relating to such will or trust;

(4) Any action to determine whether a proposed or pending motion, petition, or other proceeding constitutes a contest within the meaning of a no-contest provision described in subsection (a) of this section; or

(5) Any action brought by a beneficiary under a will or trust instrument for a construction or interpretation of such will or trust instrument.”

74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §§  4, 7; 

(a) In the construction or interpretation of any governing instrument, the following rules shall apply in the absence of any contrary expression of intent in such governing instrument:

(1) The period of time during which an interest in trust is revocable pursuant to the uncontrolled volition of the person having such a power of revocation shall not be included in determining whether the trust is invalid under the rule against perpetuities.

(2) There shall be no presumption that a testator or trustor did or did not intend that any law apply to a governing instrument which was not in effect on the date of execution of such governing instrument.

(3) Except where the governing instrument expressly provides to the contrary, the determination of a class shall be governed by the law in effect on the date the governing instrument becomes irrevocable.

(b) If, in the construction or interpretation of any governing instrument, the vesting in ownership, possession, or enjoyment of an interest in property of any person is dependent, whether as a matter of expression, implication or inference, in whole or in part upon:

(1) That person's survival of or for a period of time after the life of some other person, including but not limited to the testator or trustor, who has interest in such property, whether vested or contingent, and

(2) That person fails to so survive the life of such other person or for a period of time thereafter,

Then the probable or perceived intention of the transferor with respect to any person who would otherwise be entitled to the interest because of a gift, bequest, or devise made by the person who failed to so survive shall not be considered and shall not be admissible in any proceeding involving the construction or interpretation of such governing instrument.

(c) Notwithstanding 81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 8, subsection (a) of this section applies as follows:

(1) To wills of decedents dying on or after August 1, 1984.

(2) To trusts becoming irrevocable, whether by the terms of the trust instrument, the death of a person having a power of revocation, or otherwise, on or after August 1, 1984.

(3) To any other governing instruments whenever created.

(d) Subsection (b) of this section applies to governing instruments whenever created.

74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §§  5, 7;  81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 4;  82 Del. Laws, c. 278, § 1; 

In the construction or interpretation of any will or trust, or other governing instrument, if a determination is to be made whether the beneficiaries entitled to receive a distribution from an estate or trust are to be determined at an earlier or later time, such beneficiaries are to be determined at the earlier time unless the will or trust, or other governing instrument, expressly provides that the determination shall be made at the later time.

74 Del. Laws, c. 82, §§  6, 7;  83 Del. Laws, c. 69, § 2; 

(a) The duration of a trust and time of vesting of interests in the trust property shall not change merely because the place of administration of the trust is changed from some other jurisdiction to this State.

(b) Except as otherwise provided by the terms of a court order and notwithstanding a general choice of law provision in the governing instrument of a trust, such as a provision to the effect that the laws of a jurisdiction other than this State shall govern the trust or the administration of the trust, the laws of this State shall govern the administration of the trust while the trust is administered in this State, as provided in § 3340(1) through (3) of this title or otherwise, unless the governing instrument expressly provides that the laws of another jurisdiction govern the administration of the trust and further provides that the laws governing the administration of the trust shall not change on account of a change in the place of administration of the trust.

(c) Notwithstanding the foregoing, if a fiduciary takes or fails to take any action, based upon a good faith belief that the laws of a foreign jurisdiction govern the administration of a trust while the trust is administered in this State, the fiduciary’s liability under the governing instrument for the action or inaction shall be determined in accordance with the laws of the foreign jurisdiction.

75 Del. Laws, c. 300, §  3;  80 Del. Laws, c. 153, §  3;  81 Del. Laws, c. 149, § 1;  84 Del. Laws, c. 182, § 3; 

(a) In the case of a fiduciary that retains counsel in connection with any matter whether or not related to any claim that has been or might be asserted against the fiduciary and pays such counsel’s fees and related expenses entirely from such fiduciary’s own funds, any communications with such counsel shall be deemed to be within the attorney-client privilege.

(b) Except as otherwise provided in the governing instrument, a fiduciary may retain counsel in connection with any matter that is or that might reasonably be believed to be 1 that will become the subject of or related to a claim against the fiduciary, and the payment of counsel fees and related expenses from the fund with respect to which the fiduciary acts as such shall not cause the fiduciary to waive or to be deemed to have waived any right or privilege including, without limitation, the attorney-client privilege even if the communications with counsel had the effect of guiding the fiduciary in the performance of fiduciary duties. However, in the event that the fiduciary is determined by a court to have breached a fiduciary duty related to such matter, the court may, in its discretion, deny such fiduciary the right to have all or some part of the fiduciary’s counsel fees paid from such fund and may require the fiduciary to reimburse any such fees and expenses that have been previously paid.

76 Del. Laws, c. 90, §  19;  79 Del. Laws, c. 172, §  2;  80 Del. Laws, c. 153, §  3;  81 Del. Laws, c. 149, § 1; 

Where spouses make a contribution of property to 1 or more trusts, each of which is revocable by either or both of them, and, immediately before such contribution, such property or any part thereof or any accumulation thereto was, pursuant to applicable law, owned by them as tenants by the entireties, in any action concerning whether a creditor of either or both spouses may recover the debt from the trust, the sole remedy available to the creditor with respect to such trust property shall be an order directing the trustee to transfer the property to both spouses as tenants by the entireties.

77 Del. Laws, c. 330, §  9;  70 Del. Laws, c. 186, §  1;  78 Del. Laws, c. 117, §  4;  79 Del. Laws, c. 172, §  2; 

(a) A governing instrument, such as a will or trust of a decedent, who dies after December 31, 2009, and before January 1, 2011, that contains a formula referring to the “unified credit,” “estate tax exemption,” “applicable exemption amount,” “applicable credit amount,” “applicable exclusion amount,” “generation-skipping transfer tax exemption,” “GST exemption,” “marital deduction,” “maximum marital deduction,” or “unlimited marital deduction,” or that measures a share of an estate or trust based on the amount that can pass free of federal estate taxes or the amount that can pass free of federal generation-skipping transfer taxes, or that is otherwise based on a similar provision of federal estate tax or generation-skipping transfer tax law, shall be presumed to refer to the federal estate tax and generation-skipping transfer tax laws as they applied to estates of decedents dying on December 31, 2009. This provision shall not apply to a will or trust that is executed or amended after December 31, 2009, or that manifests an intent that a contrary rule shall apply. Furthermore, this provision shall not apply in cases where the application of this provision would cause: (i) a decrease in the amount passing to 1 trust and a substantially equal increase in the amount passing to another trust if the terms of both trusts concerning beneficial interests are substantially similar; (ii) a decrease in the amount passing to a trust and a substantially equal increase in the amount passing to an individual if the individual is eligible to receive unlimited discretionary principal distributions from the trust or (iii) a decrease in the amount passing to 1 trust and a substantially equal combined total increase in the amount passing to another trust or trusts and individuals described in clauses (i) and (ii). For purposes of determining whether the terms of 2 trusts concerning beneficial interests are substantially the same:

(1) Any provision of the will or trust requiring, or expressing a preference for, distributions from 1 trust rather than from the other trust shall be disregarded;

(2) a. A trust intended to be a general power of appointment marital trust under § 2056(b)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code [26 U.S.C. § 2056(b)(5)]; or

b. Which, would, if an election could have been made under § 2056(b)(7) of the Internal Revenue Code [26 U.S.C. § 2056(b)(7)] as in effect for decedents dying on December 31, 2009, qualify as qualified terminable interest property under § 2056(b)(7) [26 U.S.C. § 2056(b)(7)],

shall be considered to be substantially the same as any other trust which requires that all income be distributed currently to the surviving spouse, regardless of whether the other trust may have current beneficiaries of principal who are persons other than the surviving spouse; and

(3) Any provision of the will or trust which may have different provisions concerning the identity, selection or nomination of current or future trustees shall be disregarded.

(b) This section shall apply only to a governing instrument of a decedent whose executor elects to apply the Internal Revenue Code as though subtitle A and E of title V of the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 [P.L. 107-16] applies with respect to Chapter 11 of the Internal Revenue Code [26 U.S.C. Chapter 11].

(c) Any person interested under a will or trust may bring a proceeding under § 6504 of Title 10 to determine whether the decedent intended that the references under subsection (a) of this section be construed with respect to the law as it existed after December 31, 2009. Such a proceeding must be commenced prior to January 1, 2012.

(d) The presumption described in subsection (a) of this section shall not apply if fiduciaries such as personal representatives or trustees serving under the governing instrument, who are not interested fiduciaries, elect to opt out of the application of subsection (a) of this section as to all or any part of the governing instrument and no beneficiary under the governing instrument objects to the election within 30 days following receipt of written notice of the election. A fiduciary is interested if: (i) the fiduciary is a beneficiary under the governing instrument whose beneficial interest would or might change in value by reason of the election; (ii) the fiduciary may be removed and replaced by a beneficiary described in clause (i) of this subsection above; or (iii) the fiduciary is an individual legally obligated to support a beneficiary described in clause (i) of this subsection above. If all of the fiduciaries are interested, this subsection shall have no application.

(e) Whenever the term “pass” or “passing” is used in this section, the term shall relate to an amount distributable or allocable under the governing instrument as result of the decedent’s death.

77 Del. Laws, c. 379, §  1;  78 Del. Laws, c. 117, §  5; 

If a trust has no serving trustee for any reason, including the death, incapacity, removal or resignation of the last serving trustee of the trust, or due to the renunciation or declination of the last named successor trustee of the trust of its appointment as such, and if the provisions of the governing instrument do not include any provisions which can be effectively used to appoint a successor trustee, and if the only remaining dispositive provisions of the trust then require distribution of the remaining property of the trust to 1 or more beneficiaries (whether outright, or to 1 or more other trusts which do have a serving trustee), then the taking beneficiaries of the trust, by unanimous vote, may name a successor trustee of the trust without the approval of the Court of Chancery. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the person entitled to vote with respect to a beneficiary which is another trust which has a serving trustee is the trustee or trustees of such trust.

79 Del. Laws, c. 172, §  2;  81 Del. Laws, c. 149, § 1; 

Following the death of the trustor of a trust that was revocable immediately prior to the trustor’s death, all claims against the trust that, but for any applicable period of limitations, could have been brought against the trustor’s estate, whether due or to become due, absolute or contingent, liquidated or unliquidated, founded on contract, tort or other legal basis, if not barred earlier by other statute of limitations, are barred against the trust when and to the same extent barred against the trustor’s estate by any applicable statute of limitations or statute of repose on claims against the estate including any such statute of limitations or repose enacted by jurisdictions other than this State.

79 Del. Laws, c. 172, §  2; 

(a) For purposes of this section, “interested persons” means persons whose consent would be required in order to achieve a binding settlement were the settlement to be approved by the Court of Chancery. With respect to any nonjudicial settlement agreement regarding a trust, the term “interested persons” means all whose interest in the trust would be affected by the proposed nonjudicial settlement agreement, which may include:

(1) Trustees and other fiduciaries;

(2) Trust beneficiaries, who will generally be those with a present interest in the trust and those whose interest in the trust would vest, without regard to the exercise or nonexercise of any power of appointment, if the present interests in the trust terminated on the date of the nonjudicial settlement agreement; provided, however, that if the trustor is a party to the nonjudicial settlement agreement, and if the nonjudicial settlement agreement alters any beneficial interest in the trust, then the trust beneficiaries are all beneficiaries having an interest in the trust;

(3) The trustor of the trust, if living; and

(4) All other persons having an interest in the trust according to the express terms of the governing instrument (such as, but not limited to, holders of powers of appointment over trust property, holders of powers to remove or appoint fiduciaries or nonfiduciaries with respect to the trust, and persons having other rights, held in a nonfiduciary capacity, relating to trust property).

(b) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) of this section, interested persons may enter into a binding nonjudicial settlement agreement with respect to any matter involving a trust.

(c) A nonjudicial settlement agreement is valid only to the extent it does not violate a material purpose of the trust, and if applicable, does not change the trust’s purpose in a manner that would violate § 3303(b) of this title if the change was effected by court order; provided, however, that this subsection shall not apply in cases where the trustor is a party to the nonjudicial settlement agreement.

(d) If the trustor is a party to the nonjudicial settlement agreement, then unless the trustor, or a person acting on behalf of the trustor, confirms in writing that the transfer in trust is an incomplete gift for federal gift tax purposes, the trustor may not represent and bind any beneficiary (other than the trustor) with respect to the nonjudicial settlement agreement, notwithstanding any provision in the governing instrument, or applicable law, that provides that the trustor may represent or bind 1 or more beneficiaries.

(e) Matters that may be resolved by a nonjudicial settlement agreement include:

(1) The interpretation or construction of the terms of the trust;

(2) The approval of a trustee’s report or accounting;

(3) The direction to a trustee to refrain from performing a particular act or the grant to a trustee of any necessary or desirable power;

(4) The resignation, removal, or appointment of a trustee and the determination of a trustee’s compensation;

(5) The transfer of a trust’s principal place of administration; and

(6) The liability of a trustee for an action relating to the trust.

(f) Any interested person may bring a proceeding in the Court of Chancery to interpret, apply, enforce, or determine the validity of a nonjudicial settlement agreement adopted under this section, including but not limited to determining whether the representation as provided in § 3547 of this title was adequate.

79 Del. Laws, c. 172, §  2;  80 Del. Laws, c. 153, §  3;  80 Del. Laws, c. 340, § 1;  81 Del. Laws, c. 149, § 1;  81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 4;  82 Del. Laws, c. 52, § 1;  82 Del. Laws, c. 278, § 1; 

(a) For purposes of this title, the term “designated representative” means a person who has delivered to the trustee such person’s written acceptance of the office of designated representative or who has otherwise agreed, through service or similar action, to serve as designated representative following such person’s appointment to act as a designated representative in the manner described in at least 1 of the following paragraphs of this subsection:

(1) Express appointment under the terms of a governing instrument as a designated representative or by reference to this section;

(2) Authorization, appointment, or direction under the terms of a governing instrument to represent or bind 1 or more beneficiaries in connection with a judicial proceeding or nonjudicial matter, as those terms are defined in § 3303(e) of this title;

(3) Appointment by 1 or more persons who are expressly authorized under a governing instrument to appoint a person who is described in paragraph (a)(1) or (2) of this section;

(4) To the extent that a designated representative is not appointed and serving in accordance with paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(3) of this section, appointment by the trustor to act as designated representative for 1 or more beneficiaries; provided, however, when a trustor is appointing a designated representative for purposes of paragraph (b)(2) of this section:

a. The appointed designated representative shall serve in a fiduciary capacity, notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in the governing instrument;

b. The appointed designated representative must not be the trustor or related or subordinate to the trustor within the meaning of § 672(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [26 U.S.C. § 672(c)], as amended; and

c. The trustor, within 30 days of appointment of the designated representative under this paragraph (a)(4), must provide written notice to the surviving and competent parent or parents or custodial parent (in cases where 1 parent has sole custody of the beneficiary), or guardian of the property of the beneficiary who will be represented by the appointed designated representative; or

(5) To the extent that a designated representative is not appointed and serving in accordance with paragraphs (a)(1) through (4) of this section, appointment by a beneficiary to act as a designated representative of such beneficiary.

(b) A designated representative may be appointed under paragraph (a) of this section:

(1) For purposes of representing a beneficiary in accordance with § 3303(d) of this title;

(2) For purposes of representing a minor beneficiary, a beneficiary who is incapacitated, an unborn beneficiary, or a beneficiary whose identity or location is unknown and not reasonably ascertainable, in any nonjudicial matter, as such term is defined in § 3303(e) of this title;

(3) With respect to appointment under paragraph (a)(5) of this section, for purposes of representing the appointing beneficiary, in any nonjudicial matter, as such term is defined in § 3303(e) of this title.

(c) For purposes of paragraphs (b)(2) and (b)(3) of this section, any designated representative then serving may represent and bind the applicable beneficiary for purposes of any nonjudicial matter, as such term is defined in § 3303(e) of this title, notwithstanding that the governing instrument does not restrict or eliminate the right of such beneficiary to be informed of the beneficiary’s interest in the trust.

(d) A designated representative shall be presumed to be a fiduciary. A person who accepts an appointment as a designated representative of a trust, or acts as a designated representative of a trust under this section, submits to personal jurisdiction of this State regarding any matter related to the trust. This provision does not preclude other methods of obtaining jurisdiction over such designated representative of a trust.

80 Del. Laws, c. 89, §  1;  83 Del. Laws, c. 69, § 2;  84 Del. Laws, c. 182, § 5; 

For purposes of this title, and without limiting other ways in which a trust may be considered to be administered in this State, a trust is administered in this State if:

(1) The sole trustee is an individual residing in this State or a corporation or other entity having an office for the conduct of trust business in this State;

(2) The trust has more than 1 trustee only 1 of which is a corporation or other entity and that corporation or other entity has an office for the conduct of trust business in this State; or

(3) The trust has more than 1 trustee all of whom are individuals and 1/2 or more of whom reside in this State.

80 Del. Laws, c. 153, §  3;  84 Del. Laws, c. 182, § 6; 

Whenever any trust (a “transferor trust”) is merged with and into another trust (the “transferee trust”):

(1) The separate existence of the transferor trust shall cease and the transferee trust shall possess all of the rights and privileges, and shall be subject to all of the obligations of, the transferor trust;

(2) All of the property (including title to any real property vested by deed or otherwise) and other interests of the transferor trust shall be thereafter treated as effectively the property and interests of the transferee trust as they were the property and interests of the transferor trust prior to the merger;

(3) No such property or interests shall revert or be in any way impaired by reason of the merger;

(4) In cases where the initial funding of the transferee trust occurs by reason of the merger, unless the governing instrument of the transferee trust expressly states that 1 or more powers of appointment exercisable over the property of the transferor trust shall not be exercisable over the property of the transferee trust: (i) any power of appointment exercisable over property of the transferor trust shall be exercisable, in accordance with the terms of the governing instrument of the transferor trust, over property of the transferee trust, and (ii) any instrument in writing, executed prior to the merger, purporting to exercise a power of appointment over property of the transferor trust shall be treated as a valid exercise of a power of appointment over property of the transferee trust to the same extent that the appointment purportedly made pursuant to the instrument would have been a valid exercise of the power of appointment granted over property of the transferor trust; and

(5) In cases where the initial funding of the transferee trust occurs prior to the merger, any power of appointment exercisable over property of either trust participating in the merger shall, following the merger, be exercisable over property of the transferee trust only to the extent expressly provided by the terms of the instrument of merger or other written documents effecting the merger; provided, however, that if any person holds substantially identical powers of appointment over all of the property of each trust participating in the merger, such person's power of appointment over the property of the transferee trust shall be exercisable over all of the property of the transferee trust following the merger unless the instrument of merger or other written document effecting the merger expressly provides otherwise.

Furthermore, all rights of creditors and all liens upon the property of the transferor trust shall be preserved unimpaired and all debts, liabilities, and duties of the transferor trust shall thenceforth attach to the transferee trust and may be enforced against the transferee trust to the same extent as if the transferor trust’s debts, liabilities, and duties had been incurred or contracted by the transferee trust. Except to the extent provided in paragraph (5) of this section, the terms of the governing instrument of the transferee trust shall, following the merger, control the administration and disposition of the property of the transferee trust, including any such property obtained by the transferee trust by reason of the merger. Furthermore, any transaction in which all of the property of a trust is appointed or otherwise transferred to another trust or to the same trust as modified after such appointment, whether pursuant to § 3528 of this title, the terms of a governing instrument or otherwise, shall be treated as a merger within the meaning of this section with the appointing or transferring trust and the recipient trust treated as a transferor trust and transferee trust, respectively, for purposes of applying the provisions of this section to the transaction. This section is not intended, nor shall it be construed, to grant to any trustee a right or power to merge trusts but rather this section is intended only to describe certain consequences of a trust merger in cases where the merger is authorized by other applicable law. Except as expressly provided in clause (ii) of paragraph (4) of this section, this section is not intended, nor shall it be construed, to address the validity or effect of any instrument in writing, executed prior to a trust merger, purporting to exercise a power of appointment over property of any trust participating in a trust merger.

80 Del. Laws, c. 153, §  3;  81 Del. Laws, c. 149, § 1;  81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 4;  82 Del. Laws, c. 52, § 1; 

(a) Unless the trust’s governing instrument expressly provides that the governing instrument may not be modified under this section, under a nonjudicial settlement agreement under § 3338 of this title or similar provision of law, or under a modification agreement, an irrevocable trust may be modified by the addition of a new provision or the modification of any existing provision—so long as such provision could have been included in the governing instrument of a trust were such trust created upon the date of the modification—by written consent or written nonobjection of all of the trust’s trustors, all then serving fiduciaries and all beneficiaries having an interest in the trust, regardless of whether the modification may violate a material purpose of the trust; provided, however, that unless the trustor, or a person acting on behalf of the trustor, confirms in writing that the transfer in trust is an incomplete gift for federal gift tax purposes, neither a trustor nor, on behalf of a trustor, a guardian or an agent under a power of attorney, may represent and bind any beneficiary (other than the trustor) with respect to the modification, notwithstanding any provision in the governing instrument, or applicable law, that provides that the trustor may represent or bind 1 or more beneficiaries. A trustor’s power to provide a written consent or written nonobjection to a trust’s modification may be exercised:

(1) By an agent under a power of attorney only to the extent expressly authorized by the power of attorney or the terms of the trust’s governing instrument; or

(2) If an agent under a power of attorney is not so authorized, by the guardian of the trustor’s property (or similar court-appointed representative) with the approval of the court supervising the guardian (or similar representative).

(b) No fiduciary shall have a duty to consent to any proposed modification nor, absent wilful misconduct, have any liability to any person having an interest in the trust for failure to consent to any proposed modification.

(c) Any interested person, including the trustor, may bring a proceeding in the Court of Chancery to interpret, apply, enforce, or determine the validity of a modification adopted under this section, including but not limited to determining whether the representation as provided in § 3547 of this title was adequate; provided, however, that any such person may waive the right to contest the modification.

(d) This section shall apply to any trust administered under the laws of this State.

80 Del. Laws, c. 340, § 1;  81 Del. Laws, c. 149, § 1;  81 Del. Laws, c. 320, § 4;  82 Del. Laws, c. 52, § 1;  82 Del. Laws, c. 278, § 1;  83 Del. Laws, c. 69, § 2; 

(a) The power to appoint a successor trustee under a governing instrument shall be deemed to include the power to appoint multiple successor trustees. A presently exercisable power to remove and replace a trustee under a governing instrument shall be deemed to include the power to appoint additional trustees to serve with the current trustee. The power to appoint multiple successor trustees and the power to appoint additional trustees shall be deemed to include the power to allocate various trustee powers (which trustee powers may include the power to direct or prevent certain actions of the trustees) exclusively to 1 or some of the trustees serving from time to time.

(b) All of the provisions of a governing instrument generally applicable to the trustees (including, but not limited to, the provisions regarding trustee qualifications, resignation, removal, standard of care, indemnification, compensation, and the scope and nature of the restrictions, limitations, and immunities applicable when exercising powers and authority) shall apply to trustees appointed under this section so that, for example (but not by way of limitation):

(1) Provisions waiving certain duties when exercising certain investment powers shall apply equally to trustees appointed under this section;

(2) Provisions permitting the removal and replacement of a trustee subject to various limitations and conditions shall apply equally to trustees appointed under this section; and

(3) Provisions proscribing the trustor and trust beneficiaries and persons or entities related or subordinate to the trustor and any trust beneficiary from being eligible to serve as a trustee shall apply equally to proscribe all of those persons from serving as trustees appointed under this section.

(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, if an appointment under this section confers upon a cotrustee, to the exclusion of another cotrustee, the power to take certain actions with respect to the trust, including the power to direct or prevent certain actions of the trustees, then:

(1) The duty and liability of the excluded trustee and the cotrustee holding the power, whether that be the powers of an excluded trustee or cotrustee described under § 3313A(a)(1) or § 3313A(a)(2) of this title, shall be as set forth under § 3313A of this title; and

(2) The excluded trustee shall have the rights of a trustee that has been removed as trustee of the trust under applicable law and the terms of the governing instrument, to seek, with respect to the power and authority so excluded as a result of an appointment under this section, a judicial proceeding or nonjudicial matter, as defined in § 3303(e) of this title.

(d) Any powers granted in subsection (a) of this section to appoint additional trustees, which are exercised in such a manner as to modify the duties of an existing trustee, shall not become effective until 30 days after the receipt by the existing trustee of a written notice—from the person or persons authorized to appoint additional trustees—detailing such changes. The 30-day notice requirement may be waived by the existing trustee.

(e) Except as otherwise expressly provided by the terms of a governing instrument, this section shall be available to any trust that is administered in this State or otherwise governed by the laws of this State.

82 Del. Laws, c. 52, § 1;  82 Del. Laws, c. 278, § 1; 

(a) Unless the terms of the governing instrument expressly provide that a trustor may not be reimbursed by a trust for the trustor’s personal income tax liability, if the trustor of a trust is treated under 26 U.S.C. § 671 et seq. as the owner of all or part of the trust, the trustee (other than a trustee who is the trustor or a person who is a “related or subordinate party” with respect to the trustor within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. § 672(c)) may, in the trustee’s sole discretion, or at the direction or with the consent of an adviser (who is not the trustor or a person who is a “related or subordinate party” with respect to the trustor within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. § 672(c)), reimburse the trustor for any amount of the trustor’s personal federal, state, county, metropolitan-region, city, local, foreign, or other income tax liability that is attributable to the inclusion of the trust’s income, capital gains, deductions, and credits in the calculation of the trustor’s taxable income. The trustee may pay such amount to the trustor directly or may pay such amount to an appropriate taxing authority on the trustor’s behalf, as the trustee determines in the trustee’s sole discretion. No policy of insurance on the trustor’s life held in the trust nor the cash value of any such policy nor the proceeds of any loan secured by an interest in the policy may be used to reimburse the trustor or to pay an appropriate taxing authority on the trustor’s behalf. Neither the trustee’s power to make payments to, or for the benefit of, the trustor under this section, nor the trustee’s decision to exercise such power in favor of the trustor, shall cause the trustor to be treated as a beneficiary of the trust for purposes of § 3536(c) of this title or for other purposes of Delaware law.

(b) The provisions of this section shall not apply if the application of this section would disqualify a trust for, or reduce the amount of, a marital or charitable deduction otherwise available to any person for state or federal income, gift, or estate tax purposes.

82 Del. Laws, c. 52, § 1;  83 Del. Laws, c. 69, § 2;